Riding Formation
A Group Ride is normally composed of a Road Captain and a Tail Gunner.  (bringing up the rear). For organized rides they will “normally” have knowledge of the route including not only the final destination, but also the stops along the route.
Normal riding as a group is done in a staggered formation. This is, basically, dividing a lane in half with each rider occupying his/her own half of the lane. It is each rider's responsibility to ride in the half of the lane as dictated to by the next rider in front. If the rider in front needs to change lane halves to maintain the stagger, then it is the following rider's responsibility to change lane position on down the line to accommodate this change. The Road Captain will always start the stagger in the left half of the lane position. While in staggered group riding, the normal stagger distance is 1 -> 1½ seconds, and no more than a 3 second gap, in order to maintain a tight formation and not allow traffic to interrupt and break up the formation, unless doing so would hinder the progress of a vehicle and endanger either the riders or other persons. This means that each rider will be 2 -> 3 seconds behind the rider directly in front and using the same half of the lane. When coming to a stop, the group generally forms up two abreast / side by side. When the group starts off, the rider on the left starts first.
When riding in curves, the stagger is no longer warranted and a single file type of formation is normal. These changes in lane position should be dictated by the lead Rider. Holding two fingers straight up in the air (either the index and little fingers, or the first two fingers) indicates a staggered formation, while the index finger pointing straight up in the air is a direction for single file riding.
Single file riding allows the riders more freedom to negotiate the curves and to dodge obstacles while having the freedom to use the whole lane. In single formation the normal distance between riders is increased to 3 -> 5 seconds. For safety, the single file formation should not be elongated to such a distance that the rider in front cannot be seen. There are two reasons for this:
1. It is much easier to negotiate around corners by using the next rider's position to "see" further around blind curves
2. The rider can see and pass back hand signals indicating obstacles or other information ahead.
If any rider feels that the group pace is too fast for comfort, then he/she should motion the following bikes to pass until the only one left following is the Tail Gunner. Then ride at your own pace until the next stop; when you should inform the Road Captain that you are uncomfortable with the pace. It will then be up to the Road Captain to either separate the ride into two groups, or go at a slower pace so that all members of the group feel secure. Group riding should not be, and is never, a race!
If a rider in the formation needs to pull out for any reason, the group will close up the gap and reorganize the stagger. Please do not pull off, also, unless you need to do so. The Tail Gunner of the group will aid the rider who has pulled over. He will also communicate (via whatever means is available: i.e. cell phone or hand signals) with the Ride Leader so as to apprise him of the situation. The next (last) rider then becomes the Tail Gunner’s Fill In until the Tail Gunner returns to the group.
When turning onto another road, if the next rider back cannot be seen -- either due to having traffic in-between, or a large enough gap in the group for any reason; the last rider in the line must wait at the turn for the next rider to show up before leaving the turn so as to signal that the route has taken a turn. This will keep the group together on the same route even though there may be unforeseen gaps in the formation. The only exception to this is if the rear rider is the Tail Gunner. He/she will already be aware of the route beforehand.
Passage of Information through Signals
During the ride, the Road Captain will make various blinker light, and hand signals. These signals indicate lane changes or turns, obstacles, increasing/decreasing speed, or whether to form a stagger formation or a single line. These hand signals need to be passed back through the group from the front rider to the next rider in line. That way each rider only needs to be cognizant of signals from the rider directly in front of him/her rather than everyone trying to keep an eye on the Ride Leader.
Blinker lights should always be used to not only allow everyone to see the upcoming change, but to feed back acknowledgment. In a group ride, whether it be the Road Captain or in the middle of the pack, the bike in front needs to see the blinker light of the following rider before turning in front of the following rider/bike (such as a right hand turn when the bike in the left stagger crosses over in the right stagger lane). This prevents the bike in front from crashing into the (surprised/unprepared) following bike/rider when making the turn. Assuming that the following bike sees your blinker light (when he/she hasn't caused many crashes among group riders). Sometimes riders don't notice blinker lights right away, so they should be turned on well before the turn as well as using the left turn or right turn hand signal. That way everybody in the group becomes aware that a turn or lane change is coming up.
If an obstacle is spotted in the road, it should immediately be signaled to the riders in back for safety. Sometimes, when the obstacle is spotted in a blind curve, and one doesn't want to take one's hand off the handlebars, the signal is often done with an outstretched leg (indicating which side of the lane the obstacle is located). This can be very useful when we don't want to take our hand off the throttle and the obstacle is on the right side of a blind curve. Some typical obstacles which should be signaled as to where they may lie in the lane are: sand/dirt/gravel/rocks, pot holes, dead animals, road dragons, (pieces of truck tire treads), vehicular debris, range cattle, tar snakes (road tar repairs), furniture, etc. These obstacle signals should always be passed to the rear as soon as possible so as to give those riders the best opportunity to dodge them. Don't forget that the riders towards the rear in a group ride will not be able to see as much of the whole road surface as those in front due to the visual blockage of the front riders. Other hand signals include speed changes, directions for coming alongside or passing, need for food or rest stop, and other miscellaneous things like telling another rider that his blinker light is on unnecessarily.
Riding Strategies
There are certain tips which, when incorporated into one's riding, will make the ride safer as well as enjoyable. The following are some generalities of how to ride in rural areas. Range cattle have the right of way. Riders should slow way down for cattle found alongside, or in, the roadway. Some of these, especially the calves, become skittish and very often bolt directly in front of the bike, so have your brake covered in case you need to come to a complete immediate stop.
Some years seem to have a bumper crop of locusts which like to crawl out on the roadway to sun themselves. Although, in places, the road might appear to be covered with them; don't worry about losing traction because of them. You will not hydroplane (skid) over them unless you are in a full fledged migration, or swarm.
When there are an abnormal number of locusts on the road, there also seems to be an overabundance of locust eaters, or chipmunks and ground squirrels. These can sometimes be seen down the road in the dozens in certain areas. Even though no one wants to hit one of these cute little critters; do not attempt to dodge or brake for them as this will actually increase the odds that you will hit them. They will dodge or stop at just the last moment, and if you attempt to swerve or brake for them; you will be more likely to lose control if you do hit one. On those occasions where you are worried about hitting one of them; just get a good grip on the handlebars and ride your line. At worst, even when leaned over in a curve, you will only feel a slight bump if you happen to run over one.
Sand/gravel is sometimes found in curves from cars and trailers running a wheel off the roadway and "splashing" up some of the sand/gravel from the side of the road. Sometimes in the springtime there are also some "dirty" sections of the roads in the higher elevations due to snow melt runoff. When encountering a dirty roadway, the inside tire track of the lane (closest to the centerline) is almost always the cleanest part of the road and should be taken in a single file formation.
Cattle Guards while in curves are sometimes also encountered. These can be slippery, especially to motorcycle tires with their small contact patches. When wet, either with water or oil, they are extremely hazardous and should always be taken in a straight line while straight up on the motorcycle (no lean angle). This can be accomplished by doing the curve in two stages. The beginning of the turn before the cattle guard, then straight up over the guard, and finish the turn after going over it. This is known as a "double apex" for those who may not already know the technical terminology.
“White Lining/Lane Splitting”
In the state of California, it is legal to split lanes or “white-line” as it is commonly called.  This is a procedure that biker’s use under specific circumstances.  First, splitting lanes is something that the entire group must discuss before heading out in case there are those who wish not to take this course.  If everyone has agreed that under traffic circumstances they would be willing to split lanes, then the group will do so under the following guidelines:
* Vehicle Traffic must be going 35mph or less!!!!
* Splitting lanes is normally done between the high speed and diamond lane – thus the “white line,” although it is legal to do so between other lanes of traffic but this is a determination that the Road Captain shall make as safety warrants.
* The Road Captain will motion with his/her hand splitting the top of his/her helmet.  At that time he/she will move toward the white line.  When that motion is given it is up to every subsequent rider to give that same signal and then move toward the white line to form a single file.  If it is not safe for a rider at any time to do this, they must continue riding or stop as traffic warrants.  
* When it is safe all riders will be riding single file on/near to the white line at a safe speed.  THE FASTEST SPEED WOULD BE 5mph higher than the traffic at 35mph; thus YOUR TOP SPEED WOULD BE 40 mph!  But it is normally much, much slower unless traffic is pretty much stopped around us.
* When white lining be on guard for side-view mirror’s and other obstacles which may create a danger.  This also includes vehicle driver’s who aren’t aware that “white-lining” is a legal means for us (air cooled engines) to get through traffic without overheating.  Some have even tried to run into us as we try to navigate the white line.  This is an area where you as a rider should take the responsibility to let folks around you know why we sometimes split lanes.
* The Road Captain will motion when it is time to resume the staggered formation.

Conclusion
Group Riding can be a lot of fun if all the members are comfortable within the group. If one or more members of the group are not comfortable; then this should be discussed at the next stop so as to accommodate or correct the cause of the problem. It's very easy to take each problem and, with a little tact, teach whoever might not have a sufficient understanding of these simple rules. We all can then enjoy the fine sport of Motorcycling.
* ALWAYS, follow behind your Road Captain even when you know an exit is coming up that may be on your route; do not change lanes until the Road Captain signals to do so.  It is better for one large group to miss the exit and go to the next one to back track than to have a bunch of folks breaking formation and taking a chance that the rider in front or behind could get confused and react inappropriately.   *
However, the rule always exists that an individual rider is responsible for his/her own safety.  If at any time a rider feels unsafe because of the speed of the group, a vehicle in the next lane, or a myriad of instances; only then must a rider make a decision for his/her own safety to take action.  If action must be taken then do so immediately when safety warrants, then when the issue is resolved return to your spot in the formation.  The only time that returning to your spot would not be wise, is if you have lost 5 or more spots.  In this case, simply allow the group to pass until you see the Tail Gunner and signal both by hand and blinker that you want to rejoin the group in the position in front of him/her.  He/she will allow the room for you to re-enter in front of their position.